An overview of global warming

An overview of global warming Cautions: Global Warming! The air quality of our atmosphere has been in drastic changes in the past century. Industrial revolution has cause major harm to our environment. Pollution, dumping toxic wastes into our ocean, and releasing harmful gases and sprays into the atmosphere. These are some of the cause of global warming so dangerous in the worlds environment. We should take more action towards global warming before its too late. What is Global warming? Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earths temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate (Global). Population growth, deforestation, and pollution have increased by a large margin from twenty, forty, or even a hundred years ago. Since the Industrial Revolution, machines have changed the way life we lived. Before the Industrial Revolution, human activity released very few gases into the atmosphere, but now through population growth, fossil fuel burning, and deforestation, we are affecting the mixture of gases in the atmosphere (Global). It is imperative that we, the people, take action on our dying environment, for the future of our kids and generations to come. Unless steps are taken to stop this progression of events, and even in spite of such steps, the vast majority of the evidence shows that the Earth will continue to grow warmer, with widespread and even catastrophic results. How did we find out what was the cause of global warming? After doing some research, I learned that global warming is created by the greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from the sun. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earths average temperature would be about 60 F colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases (Global). Do you know what a greenhouse is? Have you ever seen houses with a small glass house in the backyard just for plants? Well these glass houses also known as a greenhouse. They are meant for plants to survive through the winter time by trapping heat within the house. Since, Earths atmosphere is very much like the greenhouse model, energy from the sun passes through our atmosphere where energy is absorbed by the air, water, and plants. Once absorbed, the energy then releases itself back into the atmosphere and then releases into space. Without the greenhouse effect, our climate could be disastrous because the atmosphere regulates our climate. It could raise or lower the temperatures, misbalancing nature. Even though the greenhouse effect is good for the environment, it could also be bad. Since the atmosphere is filled with pollution, the energy re-releasing back into space sometimes gets trapped by the atmosphere and warms up the Earths climate. Pollution is one of the largest problems in todays environment. By emitting harmful gases such as carbon dioxide which are mainly released from cars and power plants, harmful gases will build up into the atmosphere. The harmful effects of gas build up in the atmosphere and can increase the temperature of the Earth which could endanger plants, cause wild weather patterns, or alter land formations (Global). There are many ways to increase the effects of global warming such as contamination, wastes, or deforestation. One of the largest producers of pollution is power plants. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), turning on the television, using the washer/dryer, or even turning on a light can help lead to more greenhouse gases since they use electricity which originate from power plants. The fumes of power plants are created from the burning of fossil fuels which are released into the atmosphere. What is fossil fuel? According to the Greenhouse Effect article, fossil fuel originated from plants. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the air. When the plant dies, the remains are buried in the soil. After thousands and thousands of years, the carbon dioxide is transformed into a coal or oil which is fossil fuel. The General Accounting Office study forecasts a 42 percent surge in electricity production over the next two decades that will boost U.S. power plants carbon dioxide emissions by 35 percent and mercury emissions by 9 percent (Eaton). Since the population of the world is growin g each day; people are going to use more power which would create more fossil fuels being burned up and more power plants being built to accommodate the rate of the population. Even though there are no inventions to make fossil fuel fumes to be more friendl to the environment, there are other alternatives to cut back on burning fossil fuels. By conserving power, we can cut back on electricity which could help by burning less fossil fuel. Part of the problem could be solved by converting these plants to burn cleaner natural gas (Overview). There are other alternatives to produce energy that dont come from power plants such as solar and wind energy. Solar energy is known to use solar panels to gather energy from a heat source such as the sun. This energy is gathered and stored in a flat panel where it is stored until the energy is consumed. Unlike Solar energy, there is another way to gather energy from our environment. Wind-power energy gathers energy from the wind. Have you ever driven in the highway and seen these large white fans on the top of a hill? Well, those fans are wind conservers. They act the same as solar but by the wind. The amount of energy in creases depending on the speed of the wind. In other words, the faster it goes, the more energy is gathered. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by 82 percent since 1981 (Overview). Today, the average person usually drives himself/herself to work, travel, going or dropping someone off at school, yet do they know how much harm it can cause just to do an errand? With millions of cars driven each day, many harmful toxins are released from the cars exhaust. The amount of gases released can cause harmful effects to the environment and to health. Like power plants, cars are only small versions of power plants, but with so many of them being driven, it could be worse than power plants. The fumes of these cars can lead to breathing problems mainly for older people since their lungs are usually weaker. Organophosphate insecticides, such as diazinon, disulfoton, azinphos-methyl, and fonofos, are used widely in agriculture and in household applications as pesticides. Over 25,000 brands of pesticides are available in the United States, and their use is monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The release of the pesticide can cause children or people, if inhaled, to cause malfunctions in their immune system because it mutants their cells. To help the environment, technology can be very helpful in decreasing the greenhouse effect that is plaguing our environment. While there is no technology to remove C02 from a cars exhaust, we can make them pollute less by making them more fuel efficient (Overview). Creating cars that are fuel efficient can cut back on fuels being used by cars. Hybrid cars (Gas/Electric Cars) are being created that let you go over 800 miles before a fill up for fuel. Newer technology is allowing cars to run farther by using less gas by shifting the engine between electricity and gas. If we are to make any progress in slowing global warming, we must make our cars go farther on a gallon of gas (Overview). Wastes are another large problem in our environment and a benefactor of global warming. Sometimes anti-environmental groups dump wastes into lakes and oceans where they could contaminate an area and misbalance the ecosystem. This can cause a problem because wastes could release hazardous materials that could be radioactive or very harmful that can cause people to be sick. Yet, do the people know what the effect of this waste can cause do to the environment? As a Norman Myers said, if we dont watch what we do with our resources and what we do to our environment, our resources will soon be depleted which will cause a huge conflict throughout the world. Do you know where your trash is being dumped everyday? If you say in a landfill, you are correct. A landfill is where your trash is processed and compacted and stored. Yet what does the build up of landfill have to do with global warming? The trash that we send to landfills produces a greenhouse gas called methane. It is a product of decomposition of organic matter and of the carbonization of coal. Methane is one of the greenhouse gas chemical compounds. Methane is also produced by the animals we raise for dairy and meat products and when we take coal out of the ground (Global). Like power plants and cars, trash can be very hazardous in the build up of the greenhouse effect. Since trash and wastes are getting overcrowded in landfills it could lead to trouble in the near future. Running out of room to store our wastes, there are ways of shortening the load of trash by recycling. Recycling is the process of reusing waste to make new material. Even though the public thinks recycling is good, it can also be bad. The use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer poses a more significant lead threat to the land than did the use of leaded gasoline. All sewage sludges contain elevated concentrations of lead due to the nature of the treatment process Lead is a highly toxic and cumulative (Stauber 108). Recycling wastes to create fertilizer on plants can harm farmers and ruin agriculture. The material in these wastes is very harmful because it could be contaminated with unnatural substances. Land spreading of sewage sludge is not a true disposal method, but rather serves only to transfer the pollutants in the sludge from the treatment plant to the soil, air and ground water of the disposal site (Stauber 109). Destroying nature can also shorten the life span of the Earth. Deforestation, the process of cutting down trees could disturb the ecosystem or the environment. According to the EPA, The projected 2C (3.6F) warming could shift the ideal range for many North American forest species by about 300 km (200 mi.) to the north (EPA). Since trees remove carbon dioxide from the air, cutting down the trees would only result in climate changes. If the climate changes slowly enough, warmer temperatures may enable the trees to colonize north into areas that are currently too cold, at about the same rate as southern areas became too hot and dry for the species to survive (EPA). Due to deforestation and global warming, the shift of climate change dries up the soil which would be impossible to grow anything. This is how deserts are created. The percentage of the worlds plants threatened with extinction is much larger than commonly believed, and could be as high as 47 percent if tropical species are in cluded, researchers said (Study). How can we help stop the people who are cutting down the trees? By doing the opposite, planting trees would help the environment since it removes carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. At the rate of planting one tree is about the same rate of thousands of trees being cut down. Regulating tree cutting companies would slow down the process of deforestation but it is still a problem because wood is very high in demand for housing and construction. How is nature holding up against global warming? The effects of global warming have destroyed thousands of homes by floods, created new diseases, and have left hundreds homeless to the rampage of awkward weather patterns. Global warming effects do not just change the temperatures; they can lead to the change of weather patterns and the rise of sea levels. Devastating floodsjust some of 526 significant natural disasters in the first nine months of the yearripped through parts of Europe, China, India, Nepal, and Bangladesh this year, killing thousands of people and leaving millions more homeless. Even though some nations might get positive effects such as aiding against droughts, other nations would get consequences from global warming (UN). The change of weather patterns can be very disastrous to nature and the sea since it alters the ecosystem. By changing the ecosystem, animals and vegetation are pushed out of their habitat and into a different location. Wild life isnt able to adapt to the new environment easily because they wouldnt know where to gather food or conflicts with other species. Weather patterns can create tsunamis (large tidal waves) which would crash into coastal regions creating erosions. Sea levels are rising due to the rise of temperature due to global warming. Sea level may rise between several inches and as much as 3 feet during the next century (EPA). Due to the melting of glaciers, water is rising from the ocean which is saltwater and it can spread or flood inland threatening plants and animals. If we do not help the environment now, our planet wont exist in the near future. It is important that the people understand that harming the planet to a degree can cause the extinction of the Earth. Rise of temperature, change in weather patterns, toxic wastes lurking in our air, we are vulnerable. If we want to survive on this planet in the future, we must act now before it is too late. Steps need to be taken to cut back and slow down global warming until newer technology can alter and to help the longevity of our world.

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Iris Recognition And Afis Technology Essay

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Iris Recognition And Afis Technology Essay Introduction The biometric scanning technology is a great revolution for contemporary society. There are many application made from biometric scanning technologies, which may use in many different way. Some of these applications based on biometrics are complex. This report is going to evaluate the effectiveness of Iris recognition and AFIS for to control accessing to a secure workplace. Background The human beings use the biometric information, which has already been a long history. For example, using fingerprint for signature, identifying someone from gait. In the middle of nineteen century, many features of human beings body were used to identify the criminal cases (Jain and Ross, 2004). With the progress of human society, a practically modern biometric scanning system is becoming more and more important. Today, there are many security problems such as to control access to a secure workplace, privacy and data security, which can be solved by the biometric scanning system. However, there were lists of practical biometric applications. To evaluate the effectiveness and find out which one is preferable, which is a required and meaningful action. Definition The biometric scanning system seems a kind of technology that uses the features of the human beings body. Jain and Ross (2004) point that the biometric scanning system is a science system that based on the identity of a person, which include the physical and behavioural features of the human beings. The physical attributes is static features such as fingerprint, face, retina, iris, vein pattern, hand and finger geometry. The behavioural attributes is dynamic features such as voice, gait and signature. Outline This report will talk about using biometric scanning system to control accessing to a secure workplace by two aspects, which include Iris recognition and Automatic Fingerprint Identification Scanning system. These two aspects will put perspective in a critical way in order to show both positive and negative. Hopefully, the outcome of this work can be a guide book for those who wish to select a possible biometric scanning system to protect the security of accessing a secure workplace. The AFIS In fact, to control accessing to a secure workplace is a category of identification and authentication. There are many method can reach this objective. The AFIS is one of these methods. In this section, firstly, it will find out the definition of the AFIS. Secondly, it will look at the uniqueness property of fingerprint identification. Thirdly, it will look at the reliability, convenience and availability. Lastly, it will mention fingerprint identification could be affordable. What is the AFIS? The AFIS is an abbreviation of Automatic Fingerprint Identification Scanning. This is a kind of biometric that use peoples fingerprint to identify something. The AFIS may use a database to store data that include fingerprint image, detail features of fingerprint of ten fingers and something else. It can be a tool for identification and authentication of large population group. The system will search in the database to match the correct person. Maltoni and Cappelli (2008) argues that using computer to process the fingerprint data that people input into the computer and computer will achieve the goal of identification and authentication by a series of actions such as sorting, locating, analysing and comparing. The uniqueness property The automatic fingerprint identification scanning has uniqueness property because it based on the fingerprint. The fingerprint is a physical attribute of human body. It even was used in the ancient time. Using a Fingerprint to make an identification and authentication probably has already more than hundreds years (Jain and Ross, 2004). At present, it was used in many areas for identification and authentication purpose because it is a simply unique way. For example, this method is used for door lock, car lock, computer accessing, internet accessing, attendance recording, bank account accessing, etc. There are a number of ways that use this method for identification and authentication purpose can be found. Some still do not think the uniqueness property is a very good feature for identification and authentication because there is a possibility of copy. When people use fingerprint to make an identification and authentication, the finger must be touched. It will leave a vestigial fingerprint on the touched panel of fingerprint machine, which will be copied easily. If this action is done by others who have ulterior motives, then the individual information will be used in an illegal way. This is very dangerous for individual information (Maltoni and Cappelli, 2008). However, the copy from the vestigial fingerprint of others is easy to identify although make a copy is a feasible method. Usually, this copy is so-called artificial fingerprint. Compare with the real fingerprint from human body directly, the copy is unclear, the shape is not complete, dull and one-dimensional. Therefore, users do not need to worry about this case. Reliability, convenience and availability The automatic fingerprint identification scanning is reliability, convenience and availability because fingerprint identification and authentication is the mature biometric technology (Komarinski, 2005). Firstly, the fingerprint is reliable because it includes quite huge information and will keep for all life of human being, In spite of the fingerprint just a little part of human body. Secondly, this is a convenient way and with available information which people used for identification and authentication. The reason is that human fingerprint cannot change and it can use any time and people do not need to worry about forgot things like cards, keys or others. The reliability of match fingerprints could be a problem. Due to automatic fingerprint identification scanning uses computer to compare and match the fingerprints. This action is only referring to some simple information about fingerprint such as shape or other simple information. Meanwhile, the performance of computer will affect the reliability of fingerprints matching as well. The results might not be accurate completely (Maltoni Cappelli, 2008). In fact, this is not a drawback to fingerprint identification because this issue caused by the performance of computer. This fact just demonstrates that the information come from the fingerprint is extremely large, even the computer was made busy. This is not the drawback of fingerprint but the exactly advantage it is. At present, the computing technology upgrade rapidly, thus, it does not need to worry too much for this. The reliability of computing matching algorithm will be improved. Smaller Equipments and Cost Effective Fingerprint identification scanning needs a fingerprint identification machine, which just is smaller equipment. Generally speaking, the fingerprint machine compare with its effectiveness, the price of this kind of equipment is probably not too much. It is affordable for some organizations even just for individuals. In addition, Maltoni and Cappelli (2008) argues that there are many type of fingerprint identification machine that for different usage of situation in the market. It seems just like a common machine, which such as microwave oven, TV, computer and something else. Due to this is a machine then there could have some issues sometimes. However, it is not a fault of the fingerprint identification. Much more, this should not be an excuse to say that the disadvantages of using fingerprint identification outweigh the advantages. Iris Recognition The iris recognition is another method to control accessing to a secure workplace. In this section, firstly, it will find out the definition of iris recognition as well. Secondly, it will indicate the higher reliability of iris recognition, it will mention the iris recognition is difficult to hoodwink. What Is Iris Recognition? As previous definition of biometrics, the iris is a statically human physical attribute. The iris, a kind of externally visible tissue with coloured, is an internal component part of eyes. Each iris contains a unique iris image. It includes many features such as lens, filaments, spots, structure, concave points, rays, wrinkles and stripes and other features structure, Patel (2008) claim that Iris can be used for biometric identification and authentication. Its key features are highly complex and unique. There is no two iris is same. The equipment of iris recognition scanning consists of a fully automatic camera to look for users eyes, when the camera found the iris, it began to focus. Iris recognition will take a high quality image of the iris. Higher Reliability The most important feature of the iris recognition is that it is a relatively stable and highly reliable method used to control access to a secure workplace. Firstly, iris has higher uniqueness and located inside of eyes, which include abundant information inside of human eyes. Secondly, iris recognition has higher stability due to its appearance is difficult to change after formed. Thirdly, there is higher recognition accuracy. Shoniregun and Stephen (2008) argues that the rate of correct of iris recognition is relative high compare with other solutions of biometrics. Lastly, it is a quickly biometric security scanning system. In most situations, it is only need one second for each person. It is very much lower than fingerprint identification scanning. According to these features, there is a strong possibility that the iris recognition could be a better way for controlling accessing to a secure workplace. Any biometric scanning technology has its drawbacks. Iris recognition as a kind of relative emerging technology has drawbacks as well. To use this method will cost high due to this technology is relative new and probably is not as mature as fingerprint identification. Why iris recognition is cost high? The main reason is that iris recognition needs an extremely high quality camera lens. This required core component for iris recognition is very expensive. Furthermore, there is a drawback seems like the most important point, which is that very difficult to scan and read the black eyes. If to do that, needs a good quality light source. However, there is a essential point cannot forget that security is the most import thing for using a biometric scanning system to control accessing to a secure workplace. Compare with other biometric scanning system, iris recognition is more secured, stable, reliable, convenient and fast way to protect secure workplace. As technologies development, the cost might be reduced. Users would benefit more from the iris recognition. Difficult to hoodwink Using iris recognition can prevent hoodwinking. Due to iris is a specific part of human eyes. It cannot be touched. Vacca (2007) argues that when it used for identification and authentication, which is totally without physical touch. It is a very important feature for protect individual biometric information. Compare with fingerprint identification scanning, iris recognition is better than automatic fingerprint identification scanning. If someone would like to change the appearance of iris, and then need to do very careful operating, moreover, it will have a big risk of sight. Conclusion To sum up, the advantages of using biometric scanning system outweigh the disadvantages. It is no exaggeration to say that those benefits from automatic fingerprint identification scanning are very attractive for individuals and organizations (Patel, 2008; Shoniregun and Stephen, 2008). From a critical thought, the report has been mentioned two biometric scanning methods which are automatic fingerprint identification scanning and iris recognition. Although these two methods exist some possible issues, advantages is mainly and clearly part. Firstly, as for AFIS, it has mentioned three benefits of fingerprint identification, which are uniqueness, reliability, convenient, availability and cost effective. Secondly, regarding iris recognition, it has mentioned the higher reliability and difficult to hoodwink. As a suggestion, for highly security reason, the iris recognition can be used. For example, airport, immigration checking. If just for common use such as enter into the office, class room or computer room, automatic fingerprint identification scanning is good for that. (Words count: 1928)

Speeding and racing :: essays research papers

Speeding and racing seem to be my favorite hobby when I sit on the car and drive. And I don’t even care what will happen to me when I’m speeding and racing. Besides, my life just barely got out of a hole and ready to get back on track. Unfortunately, an incident that had tilled my life until this day would never be able to fade away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During spring term when I was still attending at Cal Poly Pomona University, two weeks before the final; my friends and I, three of us went on a road trip to Sacramento to attend to my friend’s girlfriend high school graduation ceremony. We left on Friday night and returned home on Sunday morning. On the way return home, we switched driver and rested several times to avoid the driver fall asleep or the car might get overheat because of the hot weather. We already had driven more than half the distance from Sacramento to Los Angeles. Shortly after I saw a resting area board display on the side of the I-5 freeway, I asked my friend to stop for rest. We rested there likely no more than fifteen minutes and continued to head home. This time, it was my turn to drive because both of them are tired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The car started and I began to put it in motion. Like normally, after I entered the freeway, I always kept it with a steady speed between 75mph to 80mph. All suddenly, I began to speeding up and had passed many other vehicles. Meanwhile, I was also joking with my friend on the passenger side and teasing at him because he was scare and nervous; while my other friend sitting in the back enjoy his dinner without any worrying. I kept on speeding until there was no more space for me to change lane. Within a few second later, I felt that I needed to make a decision which is the best for our safety. I tried to slow down but suddenly there were an eighteen wheels truck in front of me, the four doors Nissan Sentra on the left, and the dessert with even pave on the right. I knew that I didn’t have enough space for me to change the lane between the truck in front of me and the car on my left. Therefore, I began to step the break really hard and tried to slow down as m uch as I could to reduce my speed.

The Disastrous Attributes of Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

MacBeth - Disastrous Attributes Character or fate.   Which of these two forces (external or internal) led to the downward fall of a great military hero and worthy Thane, Macbeth, turned evil and murderous when led astray by the prophecies of three old witches.   Some people argue that Macbeth is the victim of fate, while others argue that his character decides his downfall.   The argument for fate is strongly led by the actions of others, with Lady Macbeth being the prime influence on Macbeth. While the opposition is led by Macbeth^s troubled conscience, his own internal conflict and his hamartia.   It is clearly visible that Macbeth^s own character is at fault for his tragic downfall.   It is the opinion of many, that Macbeth is a victim of fate.   These critics state that Macbeth is heavily influenced by his overpowering wife, Lady Macbeth. Macbeth decides that he cannot kill Duncan as he is his "kinsman, and his subject"(Act 1,Scene 7: 13) yet Lady Macbeth taunts him saying:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "I have given suck, and know   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How tender ^Ñtis to love the babe that milks me :   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would, while it was smiling in my face   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have pluck^Ã’d my nipple from his bone less gums,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And dash^Ã’d the brains out, had I so sworn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As you have done to this"   (Act 1, Scene 7: 54-59) This graphic view of the extent to which Lady Macbeth would go to keep a promise would have been more accepted in our society than in that of Shakespeare.   In the days of Shakespeare,   women had no business arguing with their husbands and even less often was their argument or threat taken into consideration.   Men were   the "be-all" and "end-all" and this speech made by Lady Macbeth would have been of little persuasion.   The Macbeth of Shakespeare was a military man, strong in his views and opinions and was definitely a victim of his own character.   Conversely,   Macbeth was warned of his assuming downfall by his weary conscience.   On three occasions his conscience wearied him. Firstly, with the vision of the dagger before the murder of King Duncan.   Macbeth is horrified and says:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Is this a dagger, which I see before me,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The handle toward my hand?   Come, let me clutch   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   thee.   I have thee not, and yet I see thee still."   (Act   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2, Scene 1: 33-35) This clearly shows the way in which, subconsciously, Macbeth knows his future actions are wrong and not acting on the warning signs of his The Disastrous Attributes of Shakespeare's Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework MacBeth - Disastrous Attributes Character or fate.   Which of these two forces (external or internal) led to the downward fall of a great military hero and worthy Thane, Macbeth, turned evil and murderous when led astray by the prophecies of three old witches.   Some people argue that Macbeth is the victim of fate, while others argue that his character decides his downfall.   The argument for fate is strongly led by the actions of others, with Lady Macbeth being the prime influence on Macbeth. While the opposition is led by Macbeth^s troubled conscience, his own internal conflict and his hamartia.   It is clearly visible that Macbeth^s own character is at fault for his tragic downfall.   It is the opinion of many, that Macbeth is a victim of fate.   These critics state that Macbeth is heavily influenced by his overpowering wife, Lady Macbeth. Macbeth decides that he cannot kill Duncan as he is his "kinsman, and his subject"(Act 1,Scene 7: 13) yet Lady Macbeth taunts him saying:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "I have given suck, and know   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How tender ^Ñtis to love the babe that milks me :   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I would, while it was smiling in my face   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have pluck^Ã’d my nipple from his bone less gums,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And dash^Ã’d the brains out, had I so sworn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As you have done to this"   (Act 1, Scene 7: 54-59) This graphic view of the extent to which Lady Macbeth would go to keep a promise would have been more accepted in our society than in that of Shakespeare.   In the days of Shakespeare,   women had no business arguing with their husbands and even less often was their argument or threat taken into consideration.   Men were   the "be-all" and "end-all" and this speech made by Lady Macbeth would have been of little persuasion.   The Macbeth of Shakespeare was a military man, strong in his views and opinions and was definitely a victim of his own character.   Conversely,   Macbeth was warned of his assuming downfall by his weary conscience.   On three occasions his conscience wearied him. Firstly, with the vision of the dagger before the murder of King Duncan.   Macbeth is horrified and says:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Is this a dagger, which I see before me,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The handle toward my hand?   Come, let me clutch   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   thee.   I have thee not, and yet I see thee still."   (Act   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2, Scene 1: 33-35) This clearly shows the way in which, subconsciously, Macbeth knows his future actions are wrong and not acting on the warning signs of his

Cowardliness? - Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

Cowardliness? (Edgar Allan Poe – The Masque of the Red Death) Each person is individual. We actually act differently in the same situations. But the situation does not have to be so problematic and so stressing for each of us. Somebody will stay and face the arising problem and somebody will run away as quickly as possible. However still there is something we all have in common, we all hide a coward in ourselves. No matter how powerful, wealthy and strong we are, everybody is scared by something. This fatal fear makes us to do everything possible to avoid it and if there is no other way just to escape from it. But are we therefore cowards? There are lots of kinds of threats. Some of us are afraid of different sorts of animals, some are afraid of height, some are afraid of closed vessel, etc. However, the most usual fear is a fear of death. Also this piece of literature is about such a fear and what it can do to human. Poe chooses plague as his tool of death. He takes his time to perfectly describe how enormous threat such a plague can be: â€Å"No pestilence had ever been so fatal, or so hideous.† Another terrifying fact is that the plague is incredibly quick and therefore there is practically no chance to be cured: â€Å"At the whole seizure, progress and termination of the disease, were the incidents of half and hour.† To support the idea of dread, Poe is also describing the process of the horrible and painful dying: â€Å"There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness and the profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution.† Moreover we can feel a certain respect to it. The author even calls it by a name â€Å"The Red Death† and uses capital letters. He is animating it this way and the reader realises it is not so easy to escape from it. So it is not surprising people are so thrilled by it. Maybe it is also because it is so painful. Maybe because it is extremely quick or maybe because it kills without any control. No matter if you are man, woman or child, if you are young or old, if you are rich or poor, etc. Poe uses a great example of what is human able to do to protect his own life. The Prince Prospero, â€Å"happy, and dauntless and sagacious† man has such a fear that he decides to isolate himself in a big fortress with â€Å"a strong and lofty wall girdled it in.

Coors Case

Using the Consumer Questionnaire Results, 62. 1% of consumers surveyed has consumed Coors in the past; also 48. 8% liked or strongly liked Coors. We also learned in this questionnaire that 65. 2% bought their beer from supermarkets. From this consumer analysis, Larry could invest in Coors and make his main availability of product at supermarkets. According to the Retailer Questionnaire Results, Coors has the same taste as Miller and Miller Lite, but it is more expensive than the other brands of beer sold. B. Market Share: Using the Table C: The Market Share estimates for a five year span all stay at a constant 8. 7-8. 9%, with consideration there are only a select few brands that Coors is competing with this should not be a problem with growth in the future. C. Investment: Total investment would include the inventory, equipment, warehouse, and land is estimated at $800,000. Larry could also use his trust fund if needed, $500,000 to start an Owner’s Equity Account. D. Cost: (Fixed, Variable, Prices): Fixed Cost for Larry’s new adventure would be $240,000 that includes salaries, equipment depreciation, warehouse depreciation, utilities / telephone, insurance, maintenance / janitorial and miscellaneous expenses. Variable cost would depend on the production level. As for Prices, it is perceived that Coors is high priced but if they were to lower the price to the price of Michelob, there could be an increase of sales. E. Go or No Go: I would have to say Larry should go for Coors Distributorship.

The Nature and Forms of Commercial Organization

CHAPTER 5 The Nature and forms of Commercial Organizations Commercial organizations may be classified into three (3) general classifications: 1. Private individual ownership 2. Public or government ownership 3. Mixed or both government and private ownership 1. Private Individuals Ownership Any form of business ownership may be organized and would have certain advantages and disadvantages which the business organizer must have to evaluate. According to Martinez, Abasolo, and Carlos, the following are the questions to be considered in deciding the form of business: 1.Is it simple or difficult to form? 2. Is capital easy to rise? 3. What are the risks and the liabilities of the owners? 4. Who holds the authority and responsibility for the management and administration of the business? 5. What stability does the form offer? 6. Is it flexible? 7. What the legal status of this form is as applied to the particular business in mind? 8. What is the extent of government control? 9. What is the tax advantage of this form of organization? 10. Is the business environment favorable?Private commercial organizations or business enterprises may take the following forms of ownership: * Individual or Sole Proprietorship It is a business owned by one person. This form of ownership is small, requires but little amount of capital, and is readily established under the control of one person. It refers to an individual who owns, manages, assumes all the risks, and derives all the products or profits from a business. Advantages of Sole Proprietorship * Easiest to establish. * Easiest to terminate. * Small amount of capital is required in starting a business. Presence of personal element in managing the business. * Freedom and immediate action and control in operating the business. * Ownership of all profits. * Tax savings. * Minimum legal requirements. * High credit standing. * Business secrecy. Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship * Limited amount of capital. * Lack of continuity. * Li mited judgment and wisdom. * Unlimited liability. * Difficulty of management. * Limitation in business size. * Limited opportunities of employees for promotion. * Difficulties in managing the day-to-day business operations. Creating a Sole ProprietorshipNo special legal procedures, permits, or licenses are required. A sole proprietorship is not limited in size by either the amount of inputs which can be used or the amount of products produced. The business can be any number of employees, additional management may be hired, and property may even be co-owned with others. Income Taxes The owner of this business pays income taxes on any business profit at the tax rates in effect for individual or joint returns. Business profits and capital gains are added to other taxable income earned to determine the individual total taxable income. Partnership A partnership is a form of business in which two or more people operate for the common goal of making profit. Each partner has total and unlim ited person liability of the debts incurred by the partnership. It is a voluntary association of two (2) or more persons to carry on, as co-owners of a business for profit. Basic Characteristics of Partnership 1. Profit and Loss: The sharing of the business profit and loss. 2. Property y or Assets: Shared control of property. 3. Management: Shared management of the business. General legal agreement of partners: 1.Each person involved participates in management decisions. 2. Assets are owned jointly. 3. Sharing of profits and loss. 4. The parties (business) operate under one name. 5. The parties have joint bank account for doing business transactions. 6. The parties keep a single set of business records. Types of Partnership 1. Ordinary or General Partnership 2. Limited Partnership Creating a Partnership Partnership can be created oral or written agreement. Oral agreement tends to have more problems than written partnership agreements. The written agreement should cover at least the following points: . Management. Who is responsible for which management decisions and how will they be made? 2. Property ownership and Contribution. It is the list the property each partner will contribute to the partnership and describe how it will be owned. Property may be owned by a partnership, or the partners may retain ownership of their individual property and rent it to the partnership. When the partnership itself owns property, any partner may sell or dispose of any asset without the consent and permission of the other partners. 3. Share of Profits and Losses.The method for calculating profits and losses and the share going to each partner should be carefully describe, particularly if there is an unequal division. Profits are generally divided in proportion to the value of the assets, labor and management contributed to the business. 4. Records. Records are important for the division of profits and for maintaining an inventory of assets and their ownership. 5. Taxation. The agreement should contain a detailed account of the tax basis of property owned and controlled by the partnership and copies of the partnership information tax returns. 6. Termination.The agreement should contain the date the partnership will be terminated if one is known or can determined. A partnership can be terminated in a number of ways: * It may specify a termination date * If no duration is fixed by the agreement any partner may terminate the partnership at will. * If not, a partnership will terminate upon the incapacitation or death of a partner, bankruptcy, or by mutual agreement between the partners. * Termination upon the death of a partner can be prevented by placing provisions in the written agreement that allow the deceased partner’s share to pass to the estate and hence to the legal heirs. . Dissolution. The termination of the partnership on either a voluntary or involuntary basis requires a division of partnership assets. The method for making this division sh ould be described to prevent disagreements and unfair division. Terminating a Partnership 1. Agreement. Between the partners or by operation of law. Usually termination under agreement comes to an end when the duration term or business is finished. 2. At Will. If no duration is fixe by the agreement, any partner may terminate the partnership at will. 3. Operation of Law.Dissolution by operation of law occurs in the event of death, bankruptcy, or incapacity of any partner. Advantages of Partnership * It could be as easily established as the sole proprietorship. * It has definite legal status. * There are more persons to manage the business and to solve its problems. * There is larger amount of capital. * Retention of valuable employees is ensured. * The combine abilities, skills, and resources of partners are great source of strength. Disadvantages of Partnership * Unlimited liability of the partners; * Managerial difficulties; Inevitable disagreement among partners may endanger the business firm; * Limitation in size; * Frozen investment; * Lack of continuity; and, * Easy dissolution. Advantages of Limited Partnership * There is a single direction of management; hence there is unity and immediate action taken upon. * The limited liability of limited partners, shall serve as good enticement of inventors resulting in larger amount of capital to expand business operations. Disadvantages of Limited Partnership * The unlimited powers entrusted to general partners maybe abused.The limited partners cannot interfere in the administration of the business firm even if there is mismanagement. Only when fraud exists or when there are clear violations of the firm agreement, can the limited partners seek for remedial or legal action. * There is a great possibility of connivance among the general partners to commit fraud against the creditors and the limited partners. * Corporations A corporation is an artificial being created by operation of law, having the rights of succes sion and the powers, attributes, and properties expressly, authorized by law or incident to its existence.Different Classification of Corporations 1. Public or Private * Public Corporations are those formed or organized for the government of a portion of the state. The objective of a public corporation is the general good or welfare. * Private Corporations are those formed for some private purpose, benefit, aim or objective, or profit. 2. Division of Private Corporations: * Stock Corporations are those who capital stocks are divided into shares and a shareholder is issued a certificate of stock which would entitle him to certain portion of the projects or dividends. Non-stock Corporations are those that do not issue shares of stock to members such as religious, civil, or charitable organizations. Other kinds of corporations may be grouped into: 1. Quasi Corporations. There are business firm that are not absolutely corporations but are considered as if they are corporations. Public b oards created by laws may fall under this classification. 2. Quasi-public Corporations. This one is engaged in rendering basic services of such public importance as to entitle it to certain privilege like eminent domain or use of public property. 3.Government-owned or controlled Corporations. Are those established by government or corporations of whom the government is the majority stockholder. 4. Dejure and de facto Corporations. * De facto corporation is used to designate associations exercising corporate powers under color of a more or less legal organization. * Dejure Corporation is one created in strict or substantial conformity with the statutory requirements for incorporation; and whose right to exist as a corporation cannot be successfully attack even in a direct proceeding for that purpose by state. . Domestic and Foreign Corporations. * Domestic Corporation is one incorporated under Philippine laws. * Foreign Corporation is one established, organized, or existing under any laws other than those in the Philippine territory. 6. Corporation aggregate and corporation sole. * Corporation aggregate is one composed of more than one member or corporator. * Corporation sole consists of one member or corporator and his successors. 7. Eleemosynary and civil corporations. * Eleemosynary Corporation is one established for charitable purposes. Civil Corporation is a corporation that is not ecclesiastical and eleemosynary whether public or private. 8. Ecclesiastical and lay corporations * Ecclesiastical Corporation is a religious organization. * Lay Corporation is established for a purpose other than religion. Compositions of a Corporation 1. Corporators. These are the stockholders or members and/or both, of the corporation. 2. Incorporators. These are the stockholders or members, and/or both, stated in the articles of incorporation as found in members of the corporation. . Members. These are the corporators of a corporation which has no capital stock. 4. Stockhold ers or Shareholders. These are the owners of shares of a corporation which have a capital stock and whose names appear in the books of corporation as the holders of a share or shares of stock of the corporation. Classes of Capital Stock 1. The Common Stock. According to Philippine laws governing the establishment of the corporation, the right of ownership and active control and participation is vested in the owners of the common stock.The common stock carries with it the power and right of voting, through which the holders have great residual ownership or power over the corporation. Common stock is the ordinary stocks representing the basic ownership. The ownership interest is divided into shares which may or may not have a par value. The par value is the amount printed on the stock certificate. 2. The Preffered Stock. The owners of preferred stock are granted special protection or advantages over the common stockholders. It carries preference as to priority in the granting of divid ends over the common stock or as to capital in case of dissolution.Upon dissolution of the corporation, for instance, the preferred stock has priority in the distribution of the assets. There are several classifications of preferred stock: * Preffered as to dividends. * Preffered as to assets. * Preffered as to both dividends and assets. * Cumulative preffered. * Callable. * Convertible. Advantages of Corporation * Limited liability of stockholders. * Large amount of capital. * Flexible ownership. * Length of life. * Efficiency of management. * Ease of expansion. * Legal entity. Disadvantages of Corporation * Taxation. Organizational expense. * Government restrictions and reports. * Lack of personal interest. * Lack of secrecy. * Charter restrictions. The Corporate Combination and Merger The Merger. Merger means the union affected by the absorbing of one or more existing corporations by another which survives and continues the combine firm. In other words, merger takes place when th e control of several corporations is vested in a single corporation, in which case stocks of the controlling corporation may be issued in place of the stocks of the other corporations.There is no new business firm. The absorbing corporation remains the same single although larger corporation. In consolidation, the consolidating corporations are dissolved, their properties and businesses transferred to a single company. Merger and consolidations may be adopted as a strategy by several companies in a given industries when they strongly agree that it is more economical and working together rather than competing with one another. * Cooperatives The word cooperative is derived from the French word â€Å"cooperari†. The word â€Å"co† means â€Å"with†.Combined with â€Å"operari† (to work, from oppose, operas, work ), it delineates the concept of â€Å"working together†. The social concept shows a process of working together and thinking together to ach ieve and enjoy the best of life. Cooperative is the dynamic form of business enterprise that embodies the philosophy of corporation. It signifies the voluntary assent of people to form themselves into a group for the promotion of their common needs by mutual action, democratic control and sharing of economic benefits of the basic of patronage by members.Republic Act No. 6938, An Act to Ordain A Cooperative Code of the Philippines, defines cooperatives as â€Å"a duly registered association of persons, with a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a lawful common social or economical end, making equitable contributions to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in accordance with universally accepted cooperative principles. † Principles of Cooperatives 1. Open and Voluntary Membership.Membership in a cooperative shall be voluntary and available to all individuals regardless of their social, political, racial, or religious background or beliefs. 2. Democratic Control. Cooperatives are democratic organizations. Their affairs shall be administered by the persons elected or appointed in a manner agreed upon by the members. Members of primary cooperatives shall have equal voting rights on a one-member-one-vote principle: Provided however, that in the case of secondary and tertiary cooperatives, the provisions of Article 37 shall apply (Voting System): * Each member of a primary cooperative shall have only one vote.A secondary or tertiary cooperative shall have voting rights as delegate of members-cooperatives, but such cooperatives shall have only five votes. The votes cast by the delegates shall deem as votes cast by the members thereof. * No voting agreement or other device to evade the one-member-one-vote provisions, except as provided under subsection hereof, shall be valid. * No member of a primary cooperative shall be permitted to vote by proxy unless provided for spe cifically in the by-laws of the cooperative. However, the by-laws of a cooperative other than a primary may provide for voting by proxy.Voting by proxy means allowing a delegate of a cooperative to represent or vote in behalf of another delegate of the same cooperative. 3. Limited Interest on Capital. Share capital shall receive a strictly limited rate of interest. 4. Division of Net Surplus. Net surplus arising out of the operations of a cooperative belongs to its members and shall be equitably distributed for cooperative development, common services, indivisible reserve fund, and for limited interest on capital and/or patronage refund in the manner provided in this Code and in the articles of cooperation and by-laws. . Cooperative Education. All cooperatives shall make provision for the education of their members, officers, and employees and of the general public based on the principles of cooperation. 6. Cooperation among Cooperatives. All cooperatives, in order to best serve the interest of their members and communities, shall actively cooperate with other cooperatives at the local, national and international levels. Types and Categories of Cooperatives (R. A. No. 6938) 1. Types of Cooperatives. Cooperatives may fall under any of the following types: . Credit Cooperative – is one which promotes thrift among its members and create funds in order to grant loans for productive and provident purposes. b. Consumers Cooperative – is one whose primary purposes are to procure and distribute commodities on members and non-members. c. Producers Cooperative – is one that undertakes joint production whether agricultural, or industrial. d. Marketing Cooperative – is one which engages in the supply of the production inputs to members and markets their products. e.Service Cooperative – is one which engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization, transportation, insurance, housing, labor, electric light and power, communication, and other services. f. Multi-Purpose Cooperative – is one which combines two or more of the business activities of these different types of cooperatives. 2. Categories of Cooperatives. Cooperatives shall be categorized according to membership and territorial consideration as follows: 1) In terms of membership, cooperative shall be categorized into: a.Primary: The members of which are natural persons. b. Secondary: The members of which are primary. c. Tertiary: The members of which are secondaries upward to one or more apex organizations. Those cooperatives, the members of which are cooperatives shall be known as federations or unions as the case may be. 2) In terms of territory, cooperatives shall be categorized according to areas of operations which may or may not coincident with the political subdivisions of the country.